Integrating Innovation System and Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integrating Innovation System and Management. Answer: Introduction This report outlines on the Japan's bubble economy since 1960 in which Japanese multinational organizations have faced competitive challenges in developing the competitiveness. The economy of Japan is engaging in the international economy in different phases after Second World War. The Japanese multinationals learnt from overseas MNCs in trading, manufacturing and shipping through strategic coalitions and technological development. The report is also describing different proposed programs by Japanese government to boost its multinationals and implement the competitiveness in the global industry. The key factors underlying by the Japanese Multinationals are development of science, technology and innovation in the business activities, which have been remained incredible consistent in recent half-century. For this development the central government of the nation also supported to the companies with encouraging the diffusion and adoption of foreign technologies through stimulating demand, lowering private-sector risks and providing appropriate infrastructure. It is observed that during the postwar period a range of critical environment factors favored to Japanese multinationals. In this time period, other nations were seeking to build technological and industrial strengths by utilizing Japans approaches with the measure of success (Pohl and Yarime, 2012). Due these reasons the government and industries of Japan made adjustments with the aim of increasing national capabilities to establish new mechanism and fundamental innovations in the global market. In this concern, different technological initiatives and international science contributed to the competitiveness of Japanese Multinationals are discussed as below: Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP): This program was proposed in 1987 by the Prime Minister Nakasone in Venice in which Japan funded the lions share of major program of international collaboration in research of basic science. This program emphasized to support the intercontinental collaboration, younger research and interdisciplinary project across the globe (Horn et al., 2014). In this program, the multinationals are supported to expand their business activities globally. Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS): This program was revealed by the Japans Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) with $1 billion to standardize the knowledge about manufacturing, promote international cooperation and standardize future technical approaches (Mandal and Sarkar, 2012). Real World Computing Program (RWC): RWC program was launched in 1992 by government of Japan with amount of $500 million to expand the theories and related applications associated with flexible information processing. RWC program covers different research areas such as novel functions, theoretical foundations, massively parallel system, neural system and optical systems (Nawaz and Cavallaro, 2013). It is analyzed that these programs are emphasized by the Japans government to generate the competitiveness in the multinationals to develop the economy effectively. Competitiveness of Japanese Multinationals The reconstitution of an affective corporation has primary movement in Japan. From the era of 1950s to 1960s, it includes the expansion of the number of labor intensive manufacturing corporations, which advantage through the low wages. Though, it will be forecasted with the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, which tends to increasing tightened labor market in Japan with the mid-1960s. In the quick increase, during the earnings compromising is the competitiveness of this generally powerfully export- based corporation (Dunning, 2012). It also ignores the wage-inflationary consequences of labor storages. Japanese manufacturers dynamically have transferred the manufacture of consistent, labor-intensive goods, low-technology like toys, textile, sundries and simple electrical appliances. On the other hand, the bordering nations like South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong or other Asian economies, where labor had abundant during the Ozawa (1991a) conditions, which is elementary stage of offshore con struction. Japanese Manufacturing Corporation adopted on the basis of low-cost-labor strategy (Rugman, et al., 2012). In the corporate sector, Japan has developed all the corporate fields. In this concern, the Japanese manufacturing of the multinational corporation has started during the 1960s by the corporation of textile branching out in the Asian mainland. Advantage of Japanese Industry In 1970s and 1980s, the Japanese auto businesses have gained with significant performance in the global market. The US business has been more enjoyed during three different areas. In Japanese business, the first advantage of this corporation is management. There are the best management systems for all the industries. For example, the General Motors and Ford has better business environment in present time, which are biggest industrialized corporation in the whole world. During the post- World War 2 time, their competitive environment has been permitted them in order to focus on the profitable U.S. market as well as on other challengers. It guides towards complacency or increment of the business construction as well as the way of management, which had not well right in order to the competitive environment. It has been appeared during the US market or globally within the 1970s (Muramatsu and Akiyama, 2011). It has been associated among the labor and management, industry or government an d external and manufacturers suppliers that was on arms length or frequently adversarial. The second advantage of this corporation is benefited from the Japanese auto companies in cost formation. On the other hand, the information that the earnings raises wrapped after the efficiency, which expands provides a significant of Japanese auto organizations frame by the 1970s. In the economy of global, some opportune trends also has favorable in order to the Japanese auto business or hindered US manufacturers during the year of 1970s and 1980s. In 1970s the quick increase within the oil price which front to better demand for small cares into the market of US that Japanese organization had greater prepared in order to fill (Bahl, et al., 2012). Support is provided by the auto industry of Japan to both the industries who has arguments with industrial policy of Japan is considered as a solution to development of industries and with those who has argued with marginal impact. In context of relationships of auto industry of Japan with government, development of auto parts industry of Japan is deal in auto manufactures. Motor Vehicle Production 1977 1982 1987 1992 World total (millions of vehicles) 40.9 36.1 45.9 47.7 North America 14.7 (36%) 8.7 (24%) 12.9 (28%) 12.7 (27%) Europe 15.9 (34%) 14.8 (41%) 17.5 (38%) 17.5 (37%) Asia 8.8 (22%) 11.2 (31%) 14.0 (31%) 14.6 (31%) Japan 8.5 (21%) 10.7 (30%) 12.2 (27%) 12.5 (26%) Korea 0 0.2 1.0 1.7 Other Asia 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4 Rest of the world 1.5 1.4 1.5 2.9 (Sources: Federal Communication Commission, 2017) Steps required for improving the capabilities of fundamental research Emphasis has been laid down on the importance of developing capability of developing original technology (Ikegami, et al., 2011). A new series of programs has been launched for conducting researches in new areas. Next Generation Basic Technology project has been launched for the purpose of establishing a funding pool for consortia of industry in 1981. Due to high budget and inefficiencies of companies, the project was taken back in the mid of 1980s. Apart from this, a project having budget of $450 million for advancing the computing research has been launched for the period of 10 years. Several concerns are raised by USA in concern of this project fearing that the Japan will come further than USA using the advance level of technology. But the efforts made by young researchers and other intangibles make the project complete and they succeeded in developing that technology which is very significant technology in terms of commerce. Another project that is investigated by Techno polis in volves infrastructure of manufacturing high technology and research and development in the targeted cities of Japan. Appearing results from this project again seems suspicious. In mid of 1980s, initiative including Centre of Key Technology, demonstrating projects for telecommunications running combined by MITI and Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications utilizing the proceedings from selling stock of Telephone and Telegram in the market. Overseeing the work is done by the research organization having funds of 70% from Key Technology Centre and rest of the funds is arranged by the companies participating in the project. Companies having similarity in their objectives and competitive goals collaborates various types of projects (Nakamura, 2011). Apart from MITI, in order to encourage programmes for higher level of fundamental research and collaboration between different sectors, several programmes are launched by various agencies. Although, having a lot of number of initiatives for encouraging more fundamental research, Japan still committing the programmes for raising funds for the purpose of conducting research in the field of science and engineering (Zhang, et al., 2011). Structural changes are also implemented in the universities of Japan using this method. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that the Japanese Multinationals played an important role in developing the global economy. The Japanese Multinationals developed the business scenario through technological development and innovations since 1960s. Hence, it is analyzed that the Japanese Multinationals have good contribution in the development of global economy. References Bahl, P., Han, R.Y., Li, L.E. and Satyanarayanan, M. (2012) Advancing the state of mobile cloud computing. InProceedings of the third ACM workshop on Mobile cloud computing and services(pp. 21-28). ACM. Dunning, J. (2012) Multinationals, Technology and Competitiveness (RLE International Business) RLE International Business Volume 13 of Routledge Library Editions: International Business Series. UK: Routledge. Federal Communication Commission (2017) Reports Research. [Online]. Available at: https://www.fcc.gov/reports-research (Accessed: 31 September 2017). Horn, H., Schoof, E. M., Kim, J., Robin, X., Miller, M. L., Diella, F. and Linding, R. 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